ORM

An ORM maps tables to classes or types, so user.posts can fetch a user's posts and a save call writes changes back. Most also manage migrations and give typed results. Examples: Prisma and Drizzle in TypeScript, SQLAlchemy and Django's ORM in Python, Hibernate in Java, Room on Android.

The convenience has a cost: generated queries can be slow or wasteful (the classic N+1 problem, one query per item in a list), and complex reports are often easier in plain SQL. Query builders sit in between, keeping the shape of SQL with type safety.